湿地鸟类是湿地野生动物中最具代表性的类群,是湿地生态系统的重要组成部分,灵敏和深刻地反映着湿地环境的变迁。
据统计,目前我国有湿地水鸟12目32科271种,其中属国家重点保护的水鸟有10目18科56种,属国家保护的有益或者有重要经济、科学研究价值的水鸟有10目25科195种。按居留型可分为夏候鸟、冬候鸟、留鸟和旅鸟4类,其中大部分是候鸟和旅鸟。在亚洲57种濒危鸟类中,中国湿地内就有31种,占54%;全世界鹤类有15种,中国有记录的就有9种,占60%;全世界雁鸭类有166种,中国湿地就有50种,占30%。
我国湿地水鸟的分布是与各地的气候、水文、植被等自然地理特点相适应的。北方处于寒温带和温带,种类以夏候鸟和旅鸟占优势;南方处于亚热带和热带,种类以冬候鸟和留鸟占优势。很多水鸟都是在北方繁殖,到南方越冬。
中国主要水鸟名录
序号 | 中文名 | 学名 | 英文名 |
---|---|---|---|
潜鸟目 GAVIIFORMES | |||
潜鸟科 Gaviidae (4) | |||
1 | 红喉潜鸟 | Gavia stellata | Red-throated Diver |
2 | 太平洋潜鸟 | Gavia pacifica | Pacific Diver |
3 | 黑喉潜鸟 | Gavia arctica | Black-throated Diver |
4 | 白嘴潜鸟 | Gavia adamsii | White-billed Diver |
目 PODICIPEDIFORMES | |||
科 Podicipedidae (5) | |||
5 | 小 | Tachybaptus ruficollis | Little Grebe |
6 | 角 | Podiceps auritus | Horned Grebe |
7 | 黑颈 | Podiceps nigricollis | Black-necked Grebe |
8 | 凤头 | Podiceps cristatus | Great CrestedGrebe |
9 | 赤颈 | Podiceps grisegena | Red-necked Grebe |
鹱形目 PROCELLARIIFORMES | |||
信天翁科 Diomedeidae(2) | |||
10 | 短尾信天翁 | Diomedea albatrus | Short-tailedAlbatross |
11 | 黑脚信天翁 | Diomedea nigripes | Black-footed Albatross |
鹱科 Procellariidae(8) | |||
12 | 暴风鹱 | Fulmarus glacialis | Pacific Fulmar |
13 | 白额鹱 | Puffinus leucomelas | White-frontedShearwater |
14 | 曳尾鹱 | Puffinus pacificus | Wedge-tailed Shearwater |
15 | 灰鹱 | Puffinus griseus | Grey Shearwater |
16 | 短尾鹱 | Puffinus tenuirostris | Short-tailedShearwater |
17 | 钩嘴圆尾鹱 | Pterodroma rostrata | T ahiti Petrel |
18 | 点额圆尾鹱 | Pterodroma hypoleuca | Bonin Petrel |
19 | 纯褐鹱 | Bulweria bulwerii | Bulwer’s Petrel |
海燕科 Hydrobatidae(2) | |||
20 | 白腰叉尾海燕 | Oceanodroma leucorhoa | Fork-tailed Storm Petrel |
21 | 黑叉尾海燕 | Oceanodroma monorhis | Swinhoe’s Storm Petrel |
鹈形目 PELACANIFORMES | |||
鸏科 Phaethontidae(3) | |||
22 | 短尾鸏 | Phaethon aethereus | Short-tailed Tropic-bird |
23 | 红尾鸏 | Phaethon rubricauda | Red-tailed Tropic-bird |
24 | 白尾鸏 | Phaethon lepturus | Long-tailed Tropic-bird |
鹈鹕科 Pelecanidae (2) | |||
25 | 白鹈鹕 | Pelecanus onocrotalus | Eastern White Pelican |
26 | 斑嘴鹈鹕 | Pelecanus philippensis | Spot-billed Pelican |
鲣鸟科 Sulidae(2) | |||
27 | 红脚鲣鸟 | Sula sula | Red-footed Booby |
28 | 褐鲣鸟 | Sula leucogaster | Brown Booby |
鸬鹚科 Phalacrocoracidae (5) | |||
29 | [普通]鸬鹚 | Phalacrocorax carbo | Common Cormorant |
30 | 斑头(绿)鸬鹚 | Phalacrocorax capillatus | Temminck’s Cormorant |
31 | 海鸬鹚 | Phalacrocorax pelagicus | Sea Cormorant |
32 | 红脸鸬鹚 | Phalacrocorax urile | Red-faced Cormorant |
33 | 黑颈鸬鹚 | Phalacrocorax niger | Little Cormorant |
军舰鸟科 Fregatidae(3) | |||
34 | 小军舰鸟 | Fregata minor | Lesser Frigate Bird |
35 | 白腹军舰鸟 | Fregata andrwsi | Christmas Island Frigate Bird |
36 | 白斑军舰鸟 | Fregata ariel | Least Frigate Bird |
鹳形目 CICONIIFORMES | |||
鹭科 Ardeidae (21) | |||
37 | 苍鹭 | Ardea cinerea | Grey Heron |
38 | 草鹭 | Ardea purpurea | Purple Heron |
39 | 绿鹭 | Butorides striatus | Little Green Heron |
40 | 池鹭 | Ardeola bacchus | Chinese Pond Heron |
41 | 牛背鹭 | Bubulcus ibis | Cattle Egret |
42 | 白颈黑鹭 | Egretta picata | Pied Heron |
43 | 大白鹭 | Egretta alba | Large Egret |
44 | 白鹭 | Egretta garzetta | Little Egret |
45 | 黄嘴白鹭 | Egretta eulophotes | Chinese Egret |
46 | 岩鹭 | Egretta sacra | Reef Heron |
47 | 中白鹭 | Egretta intermedia | Intermediate Egret |
48 | 夜鹭 | Nycticorax nycticorax | Black-crowned Night Heron |
49 | 栗头虎斑鳽 | Gorsachius goisagi | Brown Night Heron |
50 | 海南虎斑鳽 | Gorsachius magnificus | Chinese Night Heron |
51 | 黑冠虎斑鳽 | Gorsachius melanolophus | Malay Night Heron |
52 | 小苇鳽 | Ixobrychus minutus | Little Bittern |
53 | 黄苇鳽 | Ixobrychus sinensis | Yellow Bittern |
54 | 紫背苇鳽 | Ixobrychus eurhythmus | Schrenck’s Bittern |
55 | 栗苇鳽 | Ixobrychus cinnamomeus | Cinnamon Bittern |
56 | 黑鳽 | Ixobrychus flavicollis | Black Bittern |
57 | 大麻鳽 | Botaurus stellaris | Great Bittern |
鹳科 Ciconiidae (5) | |||
58 | 彩鹳 | Mycteria leucocephalus | Painted Stork |
59 | 白鹳 | Ciconia ciconia | White Stork |
60 | 东方白鹳 | Ciconia boyciana | Oriental White Stork |
61 | 黑鹳 | Ciconia nigra | Black Stork |
62 | 秃鹳 | Leptoptilos javanicus | Lesser Adjutant Stork |
鹮科 Threskiornithidae (6) | |||
63 | [黑头]白鹮 | Threskiornis melanocephalus | White Ibis |
64 | 黑鹮 | Pseudibis papillosa | Black Ibis |
65 | 朱鹮 | Nipponia nippon | Crested Ibis |
66 | 彩鹮 | Plegadis falcinella | Glossy Ibis |
67 | 白琵鹭 | Platalea leucorodia | White Spoonbill |
68 | 黑脸琵鹭 | Platalea minor | Black-faced Spoonbill |
雁形目ANSERIFORMES | |||
鸭科 Anatidae (47) | |||
69 | 黑雁 | Branta bernicla | Brant Goose |
70 | 红胸黑雁 | Branta ruficollis | Red-breasted Goose |
71 | 鸿雁 | Anser cygnoides | Swan Goose |
72 | 豆雁 | Anser fabalis | Bean Goose |
73 | 白额雁 | Anser albifrons | White-fronted Goose |
74 | 小白额雁 | Anser erythropus | Lesser White-fronted Goose |
75 | 灰雁 | Anser anser | Greylag Goose |
76 | 斑头雁 | Anser indicus | Bar-headed Goose |
77 | 雪雁 | Anser caerulescens | Snow Goose |
78 | 大天鹅 | Cygnus cygnus | Whooper Swan |
79 | 小天鹅 | Cygnus columbianus | Whistling Swan |
80 | 疣鼻天鹅 | Cygnus olor | Mute Swan |
81 | [栗]树鸭 | Dendrocygna javanica | Lesser Whistling Teal |
82 | 赤麻鸭 | Tadorna ferruginea | Ruddy Shelduck |
83 | 翘鼻麻鸭 | Tadorna tadorna | Common Shelduck |
84 | 针尾鸭 | Anas acuta | Pintail |
85 | 绿翅鸭 | Anas crecca | Common Teal |
86 | 花脸鸭 | Anas formosa | Baikal Teal |
87 | 罗纹鸭 | Anas falcata | Falcated Teal |
88 | 绿头鸭 | Anas platyrhynchos | Mallard |
89 | 斑嘴鸭 | Anas poecilorhyncha | Spotbill Duck |
90 | 赤膀鸭 | Anas strepera | Gadwall |
91 | 赤颈鸭 | Anas penelope | Wigeon |
92 | 白眉鸭 | Anas querquedula | Garganey |
93 | 琵嘴鸭 | Anas clypeata | Shoveller |
94 | 云石斑鸭 | Marmaronetta angustirostris | Marbled Teal |
95 | 赤嘴潜鸭 | Netta rufina | Red-crested Pochard |
96 | 帆背潜鸭 | Aythya valisineria | Canvasback |
97 | 红头潜鸭 | Aythya ferina | Common Pochard |
98 | 白眼潜鸭 | Aythya nyroca | White-eyed Pochard |
99 | 青头潜鸭 | Aythya baeri | Baer’s Pochard |
100 | 凤头潜鸭 | Aythya fuligula | Tufted Duck |
101 | 斑背潜鸭 | Aythya marila | Scaup Duck |
102 | 鸳鸯 | Aix galericulata | Mandarin Duck |
103 | 棉凫 | Nettapus coromandelianus | Cotton Teal |
104 | 瘤鸭 | Sarkidiornis melanotos | Comb Duck |
105 | 小绒鸭 | Polysticta stelleri | Steller’s Eider |
106 | 黑海番鸭 | Melanitta nigra | Black Scoter |
107 | 斑脸海番鸭 | Melanitta fusca | White-winged Scoter |
108 | 丑鸭 | Histrionicus histrionicus | Harlequin Duck |
109 | 长尾鸭 | Clangula hyemalis | Long-tailed Duck |
110 | 鹊鸭 | Bucephala clangula | Goldeneye |
111 | 白头硬尾鸭 | Oxyura leucocephala | White-headed Duck |
112 | 斑头秋沙鸭 | Mergus albellus | Smew |
113 | 中华秋沙鸭 | Mergus squamatus | Chinese Merganser |
114 | 红胸秋沙鸭 | Mergus serrator | Red-breastedMerganser |
115 | 普通秋沙鸭 | Mergus merganser | Goosander |
隼形目FALCONIFORMES | |||
鹰科Accipitridat(1) | |||
116 | 鹗 | Pandion haliatus | Osprey |
鹤形目GRUIFORMES | |||
鹤科Gruidae (9) | |||
117 | 灰鹤 | Grus grus | Common Crane |
118 | 黑颈鹤 | Grus nigricollis | Black-necked Crane |
119 | 白头鹤 | Grus monacha | Hooded Crane |
120 | 沙丘鹤 | Grus canadensis | Shandhill Crane |
121 | 丹顶鹤 | Grus japonensis | Red-crowned Crane |
122 | 白枕鹤 | Grus vipio | White-naped Crane |
123 | 白鹤 | Grusleucogeranus | Siberian White Crane |
124 | 赤颈鹤 | Grus antigone | Sarus Crane |
125 | 蓑羽鹤 | Anthropoides virgo | Demoiselle Crane |
秧鸡科Rallidae (19) | |||
126 | 普通秧鸡 | Rallus aquaticus | Water Rail |
127 | 蓝胸秧鸡 | Rallus striatus | Blue-breasted Banded Rail |
128 | 红腿斑秧鸡 | Rallina fasciata | Red-legged Crake |
129 | 白喉斑秧鸡 | Rallina eurizonoides | Banded Crake |
130 | 长脚秧鸡 | Crex crex | Corn Crake |
131 | 白眉秧鸡 | Porzana cinerea | Ashy Crake |
132 | 姬田鸡 | Porzana parva | Little Crake |
133 | 小田鸡 | Porzana pusilla | Baillon’s Crake |
134 | 斑胸田鸡 | Porzana porzana | Spotted Crake |
135 | 红胸田鸡 | Porzana fusca | Ruddy Crake |
136 | 斑胁田鸡 | Porzana paykullii | Band-beilied Crake |
137 | 棕背田鸡 | Porzana bicolor | Rufous-backed Crake |
138 | 花田鸡 | Porzana exquisita | Swinhoe’s Yellow Rail |
139 | 红脚苦恶鸟 | Amaurornis akool | Brown Crake |
140 | 白胸苦恶鸟 | Amaurornis phoenicurus | White-breasted WaterHen |
141 | 董鸡 | Gallicrex cinerea | Water Cock |
142 | 黑水鸡 | Gallinula chloropus | Moorhen |
143 | 紫水鸡 | Porphyrio porphyrio | Purple Moorhen |
144 | 白骨顶 | Fulica atra | Coot |
鸻形目 CHARADRIIFORMES | |||
雉鸻科 Jacanidae (2) | |||
145 | 铜翅水雉 | Metapidius indicus | Bronge-winged Jacana |
146 | 水雉 | Hydrophasianus chirurgus | Pheasant-tailed Jacana |
彩鹬科 Rostratulidae (1) | |||
147 | 彩鹬 | Rostratula benghalensis | Painted Snipe |
蛎鹬科 Haematopodidae (1) | |||
148 | 蛎鹬 | Haematopus ostralegus | Oystercatcher |
鸻科 Charadriidae (15) | |||
149 | 凤头麦鸡 | Vanellus vanellus | Lapwing |
150 | 灰头麦鸡 | Vanellus cinereus | Grey-headed Lapwing |
151 | 肉垂麦鸡 | Vanellus indicus | Red-wattledLapwing |
152 | 距翅麦鸡 | Vanellus duvaucelii | Spur-winged Lapwing |
153 | 灰斑鸻 | Pluvialis squatarola | Grey Plover |
154 | 金[斑]鸻 | Pluvialis dominica | Eastern Golden Plover |
155 | 剑鸻 | Charadrius hiaticula | Ringed Plover |
156 | 长嘴剑鸻 | Charadrius placidus | Long-billed Ringed Plover |
157 | 金眶鸻 | Charadrius dubius | Little Ringed Plover |
158 | 环颈鸻 | Charadrius alexandrinus | Kentish Plover |
159 | 蒙古沙鸻 | Charadrius mongolus | Mongolian Plover |
160 | 铁嘴沙鸻 | Charadrius leschenaultii | Large Sand Plover |
161 | 红胸鸻 | Charadrius asiaticus | Caspian Plover |
162 | 东方鸻 | Charadrius veredus | Eastern Sand Plover |
163 | 小嘴鸻 | Eudromias morinellus | Dotterel |
鹬科 Scolopacidae (48) | |||
164 | 小杓鹬 | Numenius minutus | Little Whimbrel |
165 | 中杓鹬 | Numenius phaeopus | Whimbrel |
166 | 白腰杓鹬 | Numenius arquata | Curlew |
167 | 红腰杓鹬 | Numenius madagascariensis | Red-rumped Curlew |
168 | 黑尾塍鹬 | Limosa limosa | Black-tailed Godwit |
169 | 斑尾塍鹬 | Limosa lapponica | Bar-tailed Godwit |
170 | 红脚鹤鹬 | Tringa erythropus | Spotted Redshank |
171 | 红脚鹬 | Tringa totanus | Redshank |
172 | 泽鹬 | Tringa stagnatilis | Marsh Sandpiper |
173 | 青脚鹬 | Tringa nebularia | Greenshank |
174 | 白腰草鹬 | Tringa ochropus | Green Sandpiper |
175 | 林鹬 | Tringa glareola | Wood Sandpiper |
176 | 小青脚鹬 | Tring a guttifer | Armstrong’s Sandpiper |
177 | 小黄脚鹬 | Tringa flavipes | Lesser Yellowlegs |
178 | 灰鹬 | Tringa incana | Grey Sandpiper |
179 | 矶鹬 | Tringa hypoleucos | Common Sandpiper |
180 | 灰尾漂鹬 | Heteroscelus brevipes | Grey-rumped Sandpiper |
181 | 漂鹬 | Heteroscelus incanus | Gery Sandpiper |
182 | 翘嘴鹬 | Xenus cinereus | Terek Sandpiper |
183 | 翻石鹬 | Arenaria interpres | Turnstone |
184 | 长嘴鹬 | Limnodromus scolopaceus | Long-billed Dowitcher |
185 | 半蹼鹬 | Limnodromus semipalmatus | Snipe-billed Godwit |
186 | 孤沙锥 | Gallinago solitaria | Solitary Snipe |
187 | 澳南沙锥 | Gallinago hardwickii | Latham’s Snipe |
188 | 林沙锥 | Gallinago nemoricola | Wood Snipe |
189 | 针尾沙锥 | Gallinago stenura | Pintail Snipe |
190 | 大沙锥 | Gallinago megala | Swinhoe’s Snipe |
191 | 扇尾沙锥 | Gallinago gallinago | Fantail Snipe |
192 | 丘鹬 | Scolopax rusticola | Woodcock |
193 | 姬鹬 | Lymnocryptes minimus | Jack Snipe |
194 | 红腹滨鹬 | Calidris canutus | Red Knot |
195 | 大滨鹬 | Calidris tenuirostris | Great Knot |
196 | 红胸滨鹬 | Calidris ruficollis | Red-necked Stint |
197 | 西方滨鹬 | Calidris mauri | Western Sandpiper |
198 | 长趾滨鹬 | Calidris subminuta | Long-toed Stint |
199 | 小滨鹬 | Calidris minuta | Little Stint |
200 | 乌脚滨鹬 | Calidris temminckii | Temminck’s Stint |
201 | 尖尾滨鹬 | Calidris acuminata | Sharp-tailed Stint |
202 | 岩滨鹬 | Calidris ptilocnemis | Rock Sand-piper |
203 | 黑腹滨鹬 | Calidris alpina | Dunlin |
204 | 弯嘴滨鹬 | Calidris ferruginea | Curlew Stint |
205 | 斑胸滨鹬 | Calidris melanotos | Pectoral Sandpiper |
206 | 三趾滨鹬 | Crocethia alba | Sanderling |
207 | 勺嘴鹬 | Eurynorhynchus pygmeus | Spoon-billedSandpiper |
208 | 阔嘴鹬 | Limicola falcinellus | Broad-billed Sandpiper |
209 | 高跷鹬 | Micropalama himantopus | Stilt Sandpiper |
210 | 黄胸鹬 | Tryngites subruficillis | Buff-breastedSandpiper |
211 | 流苏鹬 | Philomachus pugnax | Ruff |
反嘴鹬科 Recurvirostridae (3) | |||
212 | 鹮嘴鹬 | Ibidorhyncha struthersii | Ibis-bill |
213 | 黑翅长脚鹬 | Himantopus himantopus | Black-winged Stint |
214 | 反嘴鹬 | Recurvirostra avosetta | Pied Avocet |
瓣蹼鹬科Phalaropodidae (2) | |||
215 | 红颈瓣蹼鹬 | Phalaropus lobatus | Red-necked Phalarope |
216 | 灰瓣蹼鹬 | Phalaropus fulicarius | Grey Phalarope |
石鸻科Burhinidae (2) | |||
217 | 大石鸻 | Esacus magnirostris | Great Stone Plover |
218 | 石鸻 | Burhinus oedicnemus | Stone Curlew |
燕鸻科 Glareolidae (2) | |||
219 | 普通燕鸻 | Glareola maldivarum | Oriental Pratincole |
220 | 灰燕鸻 | Glareola lactea | Small Pratincole |
鸥形目LARIFORMES | |||
贼鸥科 Stercorariidae (4) | |||
221 | 中贼鸥 | Stercorarius pomarinus | Pomatorhine Skua |
222 | 大贼鸥 | Catharacta skua | Great Skua |
223 | 短尾贼鸥 | Stercorarius parasiticus | Short-tailed Skua |
224 | 长尾贼鸥 | Stercorarius longicaudus | Long-tailed Skua |
鸥科 Laridae (33) | |||
225 | 黑尾鸥 | Larus crassirostris | Black-tailed Gull |
226 | 海鸥 | Larus canus | Common Gull |
227 | 银鸥 | Larus argentatus | Herring Gull |
228 | 灰背鸥 | Larus schistisagus | Slaty-backed Gull |
229 | 灰翅鸥 | Larus glaucescens | Glaucous-winged Gull |
230 | 北极鸥 | Larus hyperboreus | Glaucous Gull |
231 | 渔鸥 | Larus ichthyaetus | Great Black-headed Gull |
232 | 遗鸥 | Larus relictus | Relict Gull |
233 | 红嘴鸥 | Larus ridibundus | Black-headed Gull |
234 | 棕头鸥 | Larus brunnicephalus | Brown-headed Gull |
235 | 细嘴鸥 | Larus genei | Slender-billed Gull |
236 | 小鸥 | Larus minutus | Little Gull |
237 | 黑嘴鸥 | Larus saundersi | Saunder’s Gull |
238 | 三趾鸥 | Rissa tridactyla | Blacked-leggedKittiwake |
239 | 楔尾鸥 | Rhodostethia rosea | Wedge-tailed Gull |
240 | 须浮鸥 | Chlidonias hybrida | Whiskered Tern |
241 | 白翅浮鸥 | Chlidonias leucoptera | White-winged Black Tern |
242 | 黑浮鸥 | Chlidonias niger | Black Tern |
243 | 鸥嘴噪鸥 | Gelochelidon nilotica | Gull-billed Tern |
244 | 红嘴巨鸥 | Hydroprogne caspia | Caspian Tern |
245 | 黄嘴河燕鸥 | Sterna aurantia | River Tern |
246 | 普通燕鸥 | Sterna hirundo | Common Tern |
247 | 粉红燕鸥 | Sterna dougallii | Roseate Tern |
248 | 黑枕燕鸥 | Sterna sumatrana | Black-naped Tern |
249 | 黑腹燕鸥 | Sterna melanogaster | Black-bellied Tern |
250 | 褐翅燕鸥 | Sterna anaethetus | Brown-winged Tern |
251 | 乌燕鸥 | Sterna fuscata | Sooty Tern |
252 | 白额燕鸥 | Sterna albifrons | Little Tern |
253 | 大凤头燕鸥 | Thalasseus bergii | Large Crested Tern |
254 | 小凤头燕鸥 | Thalasseus bengalensis | Little Crested Tern |
255 | 黑嘴端凤头燕鸥 | Thalasseus bernsteini | Chinese Lesser Crested Tern |
256 | 白顶黑燕鸥 | Anous stolidus | Common Noddy |
257 | 白燕鸥 | Gygis alba | White Tern |
剪嘴鸥科Rynchopidae (1) | |||
258 | 剪嘴鸥 | Rhynchops albicollis | Indian Skimmer |
海雀科Alcidae(4) | |||
259 | 扁嘴海雀 | Synthiboramphus antiquus | Ancient Murrelet |
260 | 斑海雀 | Brachyramphus marmoratus | Marbled Murrelet |
261 | 角嘴海雀 | Cerorhinca monocerata | Hornbilled Auklet |
262 | 冠海雀 | Synthliboraphus antiqus | Crested Murrelet |
鴞形目STRIGIFORMES | |||
鸱鴞科 Strigidae(3) | |||
263 | 毛腿渔鴞 | Ketupa blakistoni | Blackiston’s Fish Owl |
264 | 褐渔鴞 | Ketupa zeylonensis | Brown Fish Owl |
265 | 黄脚渔鴞 | Ketupa flavipes | Tawny Fish Owl |
佛法僧目CORACIIFORMES | |||
翠鸟科 Aleedinidae(6) | |||
266 | 冠鱼狗 | Ceryle lugubrus | Crested PiedKingfisher |
267 | 斑鱼狗 | Ceryle rudis | Lesser Pied Kingfisher |
268 | 普通翠鸟 | Alcedo atthis | Common Kingfisher |
269 | 赤翡翠 | Halcyon coromanda | Ruddy Kingfisher |
270 | 白胸翡翠 | Halcyon smyrnensis | White-breasted Kingfisher |
271 | 篮翡翠 | Halcyon pileata | Black-capped Kingfisher |